秦始皇陵被发现后,考古学家们便开始了数年的发掘保护工作。1974年,考古工作人员在兵马俑里发现了一批秦剑,此剑用用青铜铸造,呈青白色,剑身修长,共有8个菱形截面。但让人诧异的是,8个菱面大小无异,用专业工具测量后发现,菱面之间的大小误差比头发丝的直径还小。当时的测量工具已经达到如此精准的地步了吗?
战国时期,到处是战乱,“剑”是战场上必不可少的武器。当时剑长度一般在50厘米到60厘米之间,而这批秦青铜剑的长度都在80厘米以上。这么长的剑在战场上自然是稳占上风,但剑身越长,也越容易折断。所以,剑在冶炼时,必须十分注重锡和铜的配比,剑的长度增加,它的韧度和硬度也要同比增加,让剑的变得坚硬无比的同时还不易折断。秦青铜剑的配比达到了黄金比例,硬度相当于碳钢,能造出杀伤力如此之高的剑,可见当时铸剑工匠们的高超技艺。
我们都知道,金属接触空气后,会产生锈迹,对日常生产活动造成很大的不便。1950年,美国发明了“铬盐氧化”技术——将金属制件放在渗铬的介质中加热后,使新生的活性铬渗入金属表层,使其表面具有耐蚀性和耐热性,并申请了专利。
专家在秦青铜剑表面上发现了一层薄薄的“铬盐氧化层”,这让所有人都无法相信!要知道,这项保护技术是在千年后才被美国发现的,维持时间也不过是几十年,而秦青铜剑是2000多年前的文物,埋在地下多年,受水土的腐蚀,出土时却还保存完好,光泽可见,十分锋利。所以,我国2000多年前,秦朝工匠人的“铬盐氧化”技术,远远胜于美国。
这一发现,在全球引起了轰动,海内外学者纷纷慕名前来,一探究竟。尤其是美国人,做梦都想不到自己花费多时的研究成果,早已出现在中国2000多年前的秦朝。更夸张的是,秦青铜剑是当时大批量生产给普通士兵用的武器,并非皇宫贵族专用,足以见得,这种铸剑工艺在那时来说,是十分普通的。
秦青铜剑的出现,让各界学者都无法解释,为何秦朝的工艺技术已达到甚至超过现代水平?我们是不是低估了古人的智慧?
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